International Trade Theory and Policy
by Steven M. Suranovic

Trade 90-23

Trade 90-23

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Welfare Effects of an Export Tax: Large Country

Suppose there are only two trading countries, one importing and one exporting country. The supply and demand curves for the two countries are shown in the adjoining diagram. PFT is the free trade equilibrium price. At that price, the excess demand by the importing country equals excess supply by the exporter.

The quantity of imports and exports is shown as the blue line segment on each country's graph. (That's the horizontal distance between the supply and demand curves at the free trade price) When a large exporting country implements an export tax it will cause an decrease in the price of the good on the domestic market and an increase in the price in the rest of the world (RoW). Suppose after the tax the price in the importing country rises toand the price in the exporting country falls to . If the tax is a specific tax then the tax rate would be , equal to the length of the green line segment in the diagram. If the tax were an ad valorem tax then the tax rate would be given by.

The following Table provides a summary of the direction and magnitude of the welfare effects to producers, consumers and the governments in the importing and exporting countries. The aggregate national welfare effects and the world welfare effects are also shown. Positive welfare effects are shown in black, negative effects are shown in red, if you are viewing this in color.

Welfare Effects of an Export Tax

Importing Country Exporting Country
Consumer Surplus - (A + B + C + D) + e
Producer Surplus + A - (e + f + g + h)
Govt. Revenue 0 + (c + g)
National Welfare - (B + C + D) + c - (f + h)
World Welfare - (B + D) - (f + h)

Export Tax Effects on:

Exporting Country Consumers - Consumers of the product in the exporting country experience an increase in well-being as a result of the export tax. The decrease in their domestic price raises the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in consumer surplus is represented.

Exporting Country Producers - Producers in the exporting country experience a decrease in well-being as a result of the tax. The decrease in the price of their product in their own market decreases producer surplus in the industry. The price decline also induces a decrease in output, a decrease in employment, and a decrease in profit and/or payments to fixed costs. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in producer surplus is represented.

Exporting Country Government - The government receives tax revenue as a result of the export tax. Who benefits from the revenue depends on how the government spends it. Typically the revenue is simply included as part of the general funds collected by the government from various sources. In this case it is impossible to identify precisely who benefits. However, these funds help support many government spending programs which presumably help either most people in the country, as is the case with public goods, or is targeted at certain worthy groups. Thus, someone within the country is the likely recipient of these benefits. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the tariff revenue is represented.

Exporting Country - The aggregate welfare effect for the country is found by summing the gains and losses to consumers and producers. The net effect consists of three components: a positive terms of trade effect (c), a negative consumption distortion (f), and a negative production distortion (h). Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in national welfare is represented.

Because there are both positive and negative elements, the net national welfare effect can be either positive or negative. The interesting result, however, is that it can be positive. This means that an export tax implemented by a "large" exporting country may raise national welfare.

Generally speaking,

1) whenever a "large" country implements a small export tax, it will raise national welfare.

2) if the tax is set too high, national welfare will fall

and 3) there will be a positive optimal export tax that will maximize national welfare.

Click here to learn about the details of optimal export taxes.

However, it is also important to note that everyone's welfare does not rise when there is an increase in national welfare. Instead there is a redistribution of income. Producers of the product and recipients of government spending will benefit, but consumers will lose. A national welfare increase, then, means that the sum of the gains exceeds the sum of the losses across all individuals in the economy. Economists generally argue that, in this case, compensation from winners to losers can potentially alleviate the redistribution problem.

Click here to learn more about the compensation principle.

Export Tax Effects on:

Importing Country Consumers - Consumers of the product in the importing country suffer a reduction in well-being as a result of the export tax. The increase in the price of both imported goods and the domestic substitutes reduces the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in consumer surplus is represented.

Importing Country Producers - Producers in the importing country experience an increase in well-being as a result of the export tax. The increase in the price of their product on the domestic market increases producer surplus in the industry. The price increase also induces an increase in output of existing firms (and perhaps the addition of new firms), an increase in employment, and an increase in profit and/or payments to fixed costs. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in producer surplus is represented.

Importing Country Government - There is no effect on the importing country government revenue as a result of the exporter's tax.

Importing Country - The aggregate welfare effect for the country is found by summing the gains and losses to consumers, producers and the government. The net effect consists of three components: a negative terms of trade effect (C), a negative production distortion (B), and a negative consumption distortion (D). Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in national welfare is represented.

Since all three components are negative, the export tax must result in a reduction in national welfare for the importing country. However, it is important to note that a redistribution of income occurs, i.e., some groups gain while others lose. In this case the sum of the losses exceeds the sum of the gains.

Export Tax Effects on:

World Welfare - The effect on world welfare is found by summing the national welfare effects in

the importing and exporting countries. By noting that the terms of trade gain to the exporter is equal to the terms of trade loss to the importer, the world welfare effect reduces to four components: the importer's negative production distortion (B), the importer's negative consumption distortion (D), the exporter's negative consumption distortion (f), and the exporter's negative production distortion (h). Since each of these is negative, the world welfare effect of the export tax is negative. The sum of the losses in the world exceeds the sum of the gains. In other words, we can say that an export tax results in a reduction in world production and consumption efficiency.

International Trade Theory and Policy - Chapter 90-23: Last Updated on 8/20/04

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